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March 8, 2011

International Women’s Day and TOK

Happy International Women’s Day on its 100th anniversary!   Wandering through web media on this event, I’m intrigued by how many things it represents.  (UN Women video, Michelle Bachelet ) It’s a celebration, certainly, of women’s achievements and women’s roles, attended in some countries by demonstrations of appreciation.  (I quite like the idea of being given flowers!)  It’s also a time of appreciation of all those – women and men, governments and organizations – who champion the rights of women.  Clearly, though, it is also a time to recognize continued inequalities, violence against women, and denial of rights; gaining security and equality continues to be a struggle across the world.  In any context where global citizenship is the focus, the relevance of the day may be self-evident.  What, though, is the relevance to Theory of Knowledge, a course on critical thinking?

One of the most important goals of teaching TOK is to connect an exploration of knowledge issues which takes us into concepts with a grounded reality that demonstrates the relevance and importance of critical thinking skills.  And so, here are just a few ways that I’d introduce International Women’s Day myself.

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November 21, 2010

x-phi: experimental philosophy and ethics

Can psychological experiment play an informative role in the reflections and arguments of philosophy?  Is it the rational or the emotional part of the brain that deals with moral judgments?  Can scientific experiment on how the brain works be categorized within knowledge as philosophy?   A recorded interview with Joshua Knobe of Yale University, affiliated with the departments of both cognitive science and philosophy, explores these questions and related ones.   The conversation with Massimo Pigliucci and Julia Galef of the New York City Skeptic Society invites thought — and, as a podcast, can give this invitation pleasantly while you’re washing the dishes or out for a walk with your audio player.

Among the interesting points it raises is the difference between rational and emotional processes in making moral judgments.  Knobe claims that people who are good at logical tasks, or who have been stimulated to think rationally before taking a psychological test, are more likely to make judgments using a utilitarian or consequentialist approach — weighing the consequences and trying to find the best outcome for the greatest number of people.  They are observed to be using the cortex or the cognitive part of the brain.  (Even reading questions in a difficult font apparently stimulates the rational part of the brain.)  In contrast, those who tend not to be good at logical tasks, or who have been stimulated emotionally before the test, are more likely to make  judgments using a deontological approach — following duties or principles.  They can be observed to be using the more emotional systems of the brain.  (In the podcast, forward to minute 16:25.)

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